Hypertext Fiction and the Literary Artist

The World Wide Web Version (Beta 0.1 - Under Development)

Re-thinking the Book

The advent of hypertext provides an opportunity to re-think the relationship between narrative and the physical form of the book itself. To see the book as simply the vehicle, the neutral container of the writer's imaginative output, is to overlook the enormous impact which the very idea of the book has had on narrative from The Bible to the Postmodern Novel and even hypertext fiction itself.

Subjects of particular interest in this regard include: The Book, The Book of Nature, The Bible, The End of the Book, Death of the Author, Writing, Readerly and Writerly Texts, Closure, The Novel, Romance, Realism and the Realist Novel, Modernism and the Modern Novel, Postmodernism and the Postmodern Novel, The Mystic Writing Pad, The Literature of Exhaustion, The New Novel, Marshall McLuhan and The Gutenberg Galaxy, Illumination and the Electronic Sign, Hypertext, The Rhetoric of Hypertext, Writing Hypertext, Writing Space, Archeological Fiction, and Connections Without Centre: Infinite Hypertext.

Guide to Publications

The field of hypertext writing and criticism is growing rapidly. We have included a small sample of the institutions, publications and journals which have expressed an interest in this medium. Much of this information is available by e-mail through the Internet, Inter-Access, and the WELL or from Eastgate Systems.

Topics of interest include ISAST, Postmodern Culture, Ejournal, Leonardo, ARTCOM, Perforations, Hypertexture, Narrabase Press, TapRoot, SwiftCurrent, Intertext, Computers and Texts, Computer Mediated Writing, The Centre for Text and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, The Internet Companion, and Writing on the Edge.

Writing and Reading Electronic Hypertexts

The hypertext writing environment presents many challenges to creative authors and adventurous readers. Topics of interest to those about to embark on the work of authoring include Writing Hypertext, Structural Paradigms, Structural Conventions, Visual Representation of Nodes, Hyperbook Authoring Tasks, Typography, Copyright and Hypertext, The Programmer as Literary Artist, The Geometry of Authoring in Storyspace, and Beginning and Ending a Hyperbook: Possibilities for Authors.

Readers may wish to consider Readers of Hypertext, Difficulties with Reading Hypertext, Cognitive Overhead, Disorientation, and Missing Context Clues.

Conceptual considerations include The Rhetoric of Hypertext, Decentring, Contour, Landow and the Politics of Connection, Computer Pedagogy and Composition, The Library of the Future: A New Electronic Canon and Connections Without Centre: Infinite Hypertext.

No discussion of reading and writing electronic texts would be complete without mentioning the contributions of Vannever Bush, Douglas Engelbart, and Ted Nelson.

The Non-linear Tradition in Literature

While hypertext technology provides new and rich possibilities for reconceiving the very shape and form of The Book, writers have long registered their resistance to the strictures of closure and the novel. Many texts produced as printed books anticipate the non-sequential narratives of hyperbooks and others offer particularly instructive examples of how the very form of publication can serve as a vehicle of artistic expression.

Print works of interest include: Sterne's Tristram Shandy; Robbe-Grillet's In The Labyrinth; Nabokov's Pale Fire; Cort 's Hopscotch; O'Brien's At Swim-Two Birds; Ballard's Atrocity Exhibition; Calvino's The Castle of Crossed Destinies; and Pavi_'s Dictionary of the Khazars and Landscape Painted With Tea.

A wide and various range of hyperbooks has already been produced which greatly extend the boundaries of The Book. From Michael Joyce's experiments with narrative in the groundbreaking Afternoon, A Story to the mixed-media HyperCard stack of Beyond Cyberpunk!, the short history of the electronic hypertext already augurs for a bright future.

Other electronic works of interest include: Willmot's Everglade; Moulthrop's Dreamtime; Gess' Mahasukha Halo; FitzGerald's Yet Still More; Malloy's Its Name Was Penelope, Wasting Time and Thirty Minutes in the Late Afternoon; Joyce's WOE and Guyer & Petry's Izme Pass.

Software Environments

One of the main goals of this study is to evaluate the available hypertext authoring systems, with the aim of providing recommendations to potential authors. Given the number of programs which claim to have hypertext functions, it is impossible to review every package. Instead, we have taken samples from each structural paradigm and have focussed on systems that are both affordable and easy to use for non-expert computer users. A full checklist of evaluation criteria and our requirements are available nearby.

We have evaluated commercially available software for three environments.

HyperShell
HyperPad
LinkWay
DOS HyperWriter!
HyperTies
Folio
VIEWS
Dart
Orpheus
Windows Help Compiler
ToolBook PLUS
SmarText
Knowledge Pro
FrameMaker
Guide
Apple HyperCard
Storyspace PLUS

In addition, we have included evaluations of a number of important research systems. An understanding of their features provides an important historical perspective on the field.

KMS InterMedia
NoteCards
IBIS
Xanadu
Memex

Our evaluations are based on product literature, published reviews, demos, working copies, and full copies of the software. Thus, we have not had equal access to information on all of the systems. Contact addresses have been provided so you can obtain up-to-date pricing and configuration information.

Hypertext Terminology

This section contains a number of definitions which establish the terminology used throughout this study. You may wish to acquaint yourself with the definitions now, or come back to them as needed. We have provided links in other parts of this study where most fundamental terms are used. Although this study concerns itself with fictional hypertexts, the definitions will be as general as possible in order to increase their utility. Those nodes discussing specific works or hypertext packages will focus more intently on fiction as a particular application.

To begin with, you may wish to contrast the terms: hypertext and hyperbook

About This Study

Hypertext Fiction and the Literary Artist Version 1.0

(c) 1993 Keep, McLaughlin, and robin

Individual contributions are copyright their respective authors.

This project was made possible through the assistance of the Canada Council.

Thanks to Katherine Hajer for her unfailing devotion to this project. Thanks also to the University of Western Ontario Philosophy Department and William McLaughlin for access to their computer equipment.

We kindly acknowledge all who have contributed materials for review, criticism, and other information. We welcome further correspondence at:

Hypertext Fiction and the Literary Artist
3 Westcott Upper London, Ontario,
Canada N6C 3G6 (519) 679-7459


Contents

ArtWorld - Spectrum - NEXUS - ATLAS - Techne - Persona - SPHERE - VIRTUALITY - Communitas - Catalogue

Compass

FastHome - What's New - Findex - Welcome - AboutNode - The WebWeavers - NodeMap - System Help
ANIMA: Hypertext Fiction and the Literary Artist - Created: 03/06/94 Modified: 03/06/94, Beta Version 0.1 - (c) 1993 Keep, McLaughlin, and robin